Beringian Standstill Hypothesis of the First Americans

The Beringian Standstill Hypothesis, also known as the Beringian Incubation Model (BIM), proposes that the people who would eventually colonize the Americas spent between ten to twenty thousand years stranded on the Bering Land Bridge (BLB), the now-submerged plain beneath the Bering Sea called Beringia. Key Takeaways: Beringian Standstill The Beringian Standstill Hypothesis (or Beringian Incubation Model, BIM) is a widely-supported model of the human colonization of the Americas.  The theory suggests that the original colonizers of the Americas were Asians, who were isolated by climate change on the now-underwater island of Beringea for several thousand years.  They left Beringea after melting glaciers permitted movement east- and south-ward, about 15,000 years ago.  Originally proposed in the 1930s, the BIM has since been supported by genetic, archaeological, and physical evidence.   Processes of the Beringian Standstill The BIM argues that during the turbulent times of the Last Glacial Maximum about 30,000 years ago, people from what is today Siberia in northeastern Asia arrived in Beringia. Because of local climate changes, they became trapped there, cut off from Siberia by glaciers in the Verkhoyansk Range in Siberia and in the Mackenzie River valley in Alaska. There they remained in the tundra environment of Beringia until retreating glaciers and rising sea levels allowed—and eventually forced—their migration into the remainder of the Americas beginning about 15,000 years ago. If true, the BIM explains the long-recognized, deeply puzzling discrepancy of the late dates for the colonization of the Americas (Preclovis sites such as Upward Sun River Mouth in Alaska) and the similarly stubbornly early dates of the antecedent Siberian sites, such as the Yana Rhinoceros Horn site in Siberia. The BIM also disputes the notions of three waves of migration. Up until recently, scholars explained a perceived variation in mitochondrial DNA among modern (indigenous) Americans by postulating multiple waves of migration from Siberia, or even, for a while, Europe. But, recent macro-studies of mtDNA identified a series of pan-American genome profiles, shared by modern Americans from both continents, decreasing the perception of widely varying DNA. Scholars still think that there was a post-glacial migration from northeast Asia of the ancestors of the Aleut and Inuit—but that side-issue is not addressed here. Evolution of the Beringian Standstill Hypothesis The environmental aspects of the BIM were proposed by Eric Hultà ©n in the 1930s, who argued that the now-submerged plain beneath the Bering Strait was a refuge for people, animals and plants during the coldest parts of the Last Glacial Maximum, between 28,000 and 18,000 calendar years ago (cal BP). Dated pollen studies from the floor of the Bering Sea and from adjacent lands to the east and west support Hultà ©ns hypothesis, indicating that the region was a mesic tundra habitat, similar to that of tundra in the foothills of the Alaska range today. Several tree species, including spruce, birch, and alder, were present in the region, providing fuel for fires. Mitochondrial DNA is the strongest support for the BIM hypothesis. That was published in 2007 by Estonian geneticist Erika Tamm and colleagues, who identified evidence for the genetic isolation of ancestral Native Americans from Asia. Tamm and colleagues identified a set of genetic haplogroups common to most living Native American groups (A2, B2, C1b, C1c, C1d*, C1d1, D1, and D4h3a), haplogroups that had to have arisen after their ancestors left Asia, but before they dispersed into the Americas. Suggested physical traits supporting the isolation of the Beringians are comparatively wide bodies, a trait shared by Native American communities today and which is associated with adaptations to cold climates; and a dental configuration which researchers G. Richard Scott and colleagues call super-Sinodont. Genomes and Beringia A 2015 study by geneticist Maanasa Raghavan and colleagues compared genomes of modern people from all over the world and found support for the Beringian Standstill Hypothesis, albeit reconfiguring the time depth. This study argues that the ancestors of all Native Americans were genetically isolated from East Asians no earlier than 23,000 years ago. They hypothesize that a single migration into the Americas occurred between 14,000 and 16,000 years ago, following the open routes within the interior Ice Free corridors or along the Pacific coast. By the Clovis period (~12,600-14,000 years ago), isolation caused a split among the Americans into northern Athabascans and northern Amerindian groups, and southern communities from southern North America and Central and South America. Raghavan and colleagues also found what they termed a distant Old World signal related to Australo-Melanesians and East Asians in some Native American groups, ranging from a strong signal in the Suruà ­Ã‚  of Brazils Amazon forest to a much weaker signal in northern Amerindians such as Ojibwa. The group hypothesizes that the Australo-Melanesian gene flow may have arrived from Aleutian Islanders traveling along the Pacific rim about 9,000 years ago. More recent studies (such as that of Brazilian geneticist Thomaz Pinotti 2019) continue to support this scenario. Archaeological Sites Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site, Russia, 28,000 cal BP, six sites above the Arctic Circle and east of the Verkhoyansk Range.Malta, Russia, 15,000-24,000 cal BP: DNA of a child burial at this upper Paleolithic site shares genomes with modern western Eurasians and Native Americans bothFunadomari, Japan, 22,000 cal BP: Jomon culture burials share mtDNA in common with Eskimo (haplogroup D1)Blue Fish Caves, Yukon Territory, Canada, 19,650 cal BPOn Your Knees Cave, Alaska, 10,300 cal BP Paisley Caves, Oregon 14,000 cal BP, coprolites containing mtDNAMonte Verde, Chile, 15,000 cal BP, first confirmed preclovis site in the AmericasUpward Sun River, Alaska, 11,500 ka.Kennewick  and Spirit Cave, USA, both 9,000 years cal BP Charlie Lake Cave, British Columbia, CanadaDaisy Cave, California, USAyer Pond, Washington, USUpward Sun River Mouth, Alaska, US Selected Sources Bourgeon, Lauriane, Ariane Burke, and Thomas Higham. Earliest Human Presence in North America Dated to the Last Glacial Maximum: New Radiocarbon Dates from Bluefish Caves, Canada. PLoS ONE 12.1 (2017): e0169486. Print.Moreno-Mayar, J. Và ­ctor, et al. Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan Genome Reveals First Founding Population of Native Americans. Nature 553 (2018): 203–08. Print.Pinotti, Thomaz, et al. Y Chromosome Sequences Reveal a Short Beringian Standstill, Rapid Expansion, and Early Population Structure of Native American Founders. Current Biology 29.1 (2019): 149-57.e3. Print.Raghavan, Maanasa, et al. Genomic Evidence for the Pleistocene and Recent Population History of Native Americans. Science 349.6250 (2015). Print.Scott, G. Richard, et al. Sinodonty, Sundadonty, and the Beringian Standstill Model: Issues of Timing and Migrations into the New World. Quaternary International 466 (2018): 233–46. Print.Tamm, Erika, et al. Beringian Standstill and Spread of Native Ameri can Founders. PLoS ONE 2.9 (2007): e829. Print.Vachula, Richard S., et al. Evidence of Ice Age Humans in Eastern Beringia Suggests Early Migration to North America. Quaternary Science Reviews 205 (2019): 35–44. Print.Wei, Lan-Hai, et al. Paternal Origin of Paleo-Indians in Siberia: Insights from Y-Chromosome Sequences. European Journal of Human Genetics 26.11 (2018): 1687–96. Print.

The Debate On Sex Ethics Essay - 1410 Words

Under the topic of sex ethics, the morality of homosexuality is a widely debated and controversial issue. One side of the debate asserts that homosexual behavior is against God’s will, and is wrong because we are all obligated to do God’s will, God’s will is expressed in the Bible, and the Bible forbids homosexual behavior (Craig). This debate is called the traditional Christian argument. Although the argument is valid, I will argue against the conclusion that homosexual behavior is not against God’s will and is not wrong, because the second and third premises of the argument are not sound. The second premise of the traditional Christian argument is unsound because God’s will is not expressed in the Bible. Before stating what makes the second premise unsound, I will consider reasoning one could give in support of it. 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Othello Vulnerability Destroys Virtues Of A Great Leader

Othello: Vulnerability Destroys Virtues Of A Great Leader Thesis: Even though Othello considers to be vulnerable is a weakness, his temperance and prudence should never come in conflict with his leadership principles because Iago despises Othello and manipulates him therefore, Othello becomes vulnerable resulting in his death. 1. Othello believes that being vulnerable is a sign of weakness. A. Othello will not expunge himself from his race and ethnicity, for he knows glorifying his heritage is a vulnerability that could end his career as a leader. B. Othello knows that a schism among his ranks leads to distrust and a lack of loyalty among men, leaving him susceptible to defeat. 2. Iago despises Othello and manipulates him. A. Iago hates Othello for being passed over as his Lieutenant and holds a grievance against him. B. Iago begins to build Othello’s trust through manipulation by exploiting the relationship of Cassio and Desdemona. 3. Othello’s lack of temperance and prudence compromises his leadership principles. A. His demeanor changes with every passing minute because he is entrenched in a battle between truth and jealousy. B. He loves Desdemona but he is unwise. â€Å"The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort, but where he stands at time of challenge and controversy.† Martin Luther King, Jr. In Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice, ShakespeareShow MoreRelatedIagos Influence Essay1452 Words   |  6 Pagesstory of Othello, Iago seeks to prove this point to all those who surround him. Through manipulation and lies, the villainous Iago shows how people can come to quickly distrust others, and escalate situations until death. Iago’s hope is to not only cause destruction, but to watch other wreak it upon themselves. By playing the role of both trustworthy friend and sly controller, Iago illustrates how one man’s knowledge of human nature can direct the actions of those around him. Othello: Iago’sRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1454 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare wrote Othello during a time of great racial tension in England. In the drama, he introduces Othello, a military general who works for the state of Venice but is by origin a Moor (a black Arab). This gives him the unique position of being one of the most important men in Venice, while simultaneously being seen as an outsider. In writing such a character for a seventeenth century English audience, the author is clearly attempting to send a message. This tension between human desireRead MoreLove and Desdemona2800 Words   |  12 Pagesothello was a tradgic play. it shows many different types of feeling inWithout Trust, Love Cannot Prevail Trust can be defined as assured reliance on the character, ability, strength, or truth of someone or something (Websters 1246). In life many people are faced with the decision on who or who not to trust, especially in the realm of love. Trust is one of the main factors needed to determine a healthy, loving relationship. In William Shakespeares Othello, the main character Othello is unableRead MoreHuman Weakness in Macbeth and Othello2915 Words   |  12 Pagesvalorous and gallant but he is bound to have a tragic flaw which he is powerless over and the cause of his inevitable death, his ‘vaulting ambition’ and greed. We then have our other tragedy Othello, which is unique in the literature of time because he was the first black tragic hero presented on a stage. Othello is often referred to as the ‘Moor’ due to his heritage of being North African. The effective warrior who was never meant to fit into the Venetian society ,where black was traditionally known

Community Nursing Windshield Survey free essay sample

There are many changes that I have observed in my neighborhood since living here for 21 years. There has been a recent migration of homeowners moving out of the neighborhoods. The home owners are either renting out their homes, to a new influx of section 8 tenants or they have chosen to walk away from their homes leaving many in the area to go into foreclosure. Foreclosure and crime are two of the biggest element of change that I have noticed in my neighborhood, and many of these problems arise from the economy, health and illness, and familial structure breakdown. This has caused a change in the way the homes in the area appear. Currently, many of the homes have lost their curb appeal. At one time this neighborhood had beautiful maintained lawns, many of the homes had fresh paint or siding applied, and during spring or income tax time you could count on watching many neighbors being in their yards spring cleaning and fixing up. We will write a custom essay sample on Community Nursing Windshield Survey or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There was a time when the community had tool borrowing, if you needed a tool to maintain something in your home, the resource was city hall. Just leave your driver’s license and you could borrow it for 24 hours. Apparently those days are gone. When I drive through my community I don’t notice many of the changes because I am focused on whatever mission Aim on, but when I am driving looking for things it became more interesting to notice kids on the street during school hours, people on the street; whom appear to have nothing to do. This brings me to my nursing diagnosis for this community. In the beginning I thought that this may be a hard project, but I have since begun to see the community from a different perspective. My first diagnosis for the community is; Ineffective coping, related to increase of poverty/lack of education secondary to loss of jobs and inability to pay for food and housing. Interventions: Find ways for the community to get together and learn how to deal with their problems and make change for each individual for the betterment of the whole community, have meetings at the local library. Find ways for them to first be able to verbalize their feelings, make sure they understand what is happening, and find out their perceptions and fears. Address their education limitations/fears. Provide resources like GED programs, provide community fairs for local trade schools or community colleges to be present and counsel them to in the direction to fill out forms like applications and false. My second nursing diagnosis was also connected to my family that I am assessing for this class, they happen to live in the neighborhood also. One family is a part of many that make of the community. Alteration in family coping related to lack of emotional support/family support while family member is going through a stressful time. Interventions; counsel them and have them set aside one day a week to interact together by going to some of the community family night outings at the churches in the area, also seek counseling through local clergy or support groups like emotions anonymous to help them express their perceptions of what is happening to their family. The last diagnosis I chose was, ineffective community coping related to deficits in social support services and resources as evidenced by deficits of community resource, community participations and community does not meet its own expectation, community powerlessness. Interventions- Evaluate the community, have activities to get them involved to find out what their needs are, how they feel and offer them resources to get help. Second intervention-encourage community members and groups to become involved in problem solving activities. Since visually you can sense what some of their needs are have companies present that may offer them solutions. Debt counseling services, mortgage loan representatives, school counselors, Red Cross services, Catholic Charities, Neighborhood service centers, children and family services, city council members and the mayor. The difficulty that I faced in this project is separating myself from what I viewed as the norm in my neighborhood, and incorporating my education, diversity teachings and cultural competence as well as new title as the nurse of the community even though I am a part of this community. I must also take this experience and be able to apply it to any neighborhood representing any ethnicity or culture. The Office of Minority Health states that cultural Competence implies having the capacity to function effectively as an individual and an organization within the context of the cultural beliefs, behaviors, and needs presented by consumers and their communities. Campinha-Bacote (2003b) brought insight to the problem of defining culture when she stated, Cultural values give an individual a sense of direction as well as meaning to life. She further states â€Å"that addressing cultural diversity goes beyond knowing the values, beliefs, practices, and customs of diverse groups, other faces of cultural diversity include religious affiliations, language, physical size, gender, sexual orientation, age, disability (both physical and mental), political orientation, socio-economic status, occupational status and geographical location. According to US Dept of Health and Human Services, in an online Cultural Diversity CEU, culturally competent service providers must take into account the full range of factors that influence how any one individual service recipient behaves and communicates, and further indicated that the two levels of influencing factors are: overall cultural differences between racial and ethnic groups, as well as individual-level differences (based on age, education, literacy, income, gender and geographic location).

Compare and Contrast Mesopotamia free essay sample

Mesopotamian religion saw humans as the servants of the gods, who had to be appeased for protection. Egyptians believed that the gods created all humans but were also controlled by the principle of maat, or order. Unlike followers of Mesopotamian religion, the Egyptians had a strong belief in the afterlife, which they expressed by building elaborate tombs such as the pyramids. The Sumerian afterlife involved a descent into a gloomy netherworld to spend eternity in a wretched existence as a Gidim (ghost). Egyptians believed that their gods had created Egypt as a sort of refuge of good and order in a world filled with chaos and disorder. The major god for much of Mesopotamia was the sky god Enlil; later th e worship of Enlil was replaced by the worship of the Babylonian god Marduk. For Egyptians, Amen-Ra was the most powerful deity, chief of the pantheon. Statues of winged bulls were a protective symbol related to the god Sin Mesopotamia, while the ankh, a kind of cross with a loop at the top, was a prominent representation of life in ancient Egypt. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast Mesopotamia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Enuma Elish tells the Mesopotamian story of creation and explains how Marduk became the chief of the gods. The Egyptian Book of the Dead was a guide for the dead, setting out magic spells and charms to be used to pass judgment in the afterlife. Ancient Nippur was the site of the chief temple to Enlil, while Babylon was the location of Marduks sanctuary. Thebes and the temple complex of Karnak were home to the worship of Amen- Ra. In the modern world the remains of these early religions can be seen in Egypts pyramids, tombs for the pharaohs, and in Mesopotamias ziggurats, temples to the gods. The New Years Festival was a major event in Mesopotamian religion, while Egypts most important festival was Opet. Because Egypt was the gift of the Nile and generally prosperous and harmonious, Egyptian gods tended to reflect a positive religion with an emphasis on a positive afterlife. In contrast, Mesopotamian religion was bleak and gloomy. Ancient Mesopotamian prayers demonstrate the lack of relationships with gods and goddesses who viewed humans with suspicion and frequently sent calamities to remind everyone of their humanity. Such was the message

Rough Draft The Good Earth Essays - The Good Earth, Sons, Wang Lung

Rough Draft: The Good Earth The Good Farmer A simple, hardworking Chinese farmer is all he is. But there is more to this simple farmer, he is not just a common character in this book, but a universal figure, an example of people that have tilled the earth throughout the ages. Wang Lung in Pearl Buck's The Good Earth is a Chinese farmer and a loving father who is grateful of the things he has. Wang Lung is a very good father with good morals and sticks to his upbringing and culture. He treats his sons well and when they misbehave or disrespect him they get what is coming to them. The only real flaw that he has as being a father is with his "poor fool", he doesn't acknowledge her because she is different, retarded and has other things to worry about. He is a better father when he has nothing especially when he decides not to sell his daughter into slavery when they need the money. When he gets rich all that he can think about is himself and puts his kids out of the way. As a farmer, Wang Lung is very successful and is loathed by the other farmers. He is very hardworking when it comes to his farm when he is poor because he needs every penny he can earn. He takes nothing for granted and makes sure that he thanks the gods for the good harvest. Even though he has people to work for him, he feels that he needs to be outside with the earth when he farms. He never complained about the backbreaking work that he did all for his family. When Wang Lung was poor, he was very humble in everything he did. One good example is when him and his family went to the city, he decided not to beg for money, but to earn it by doing what he has been doing his entire life - working. He also accepted everything that he had and did not ask for more. When he got something he never complained that it was too much or too little. Wang Lung is a very admirable character that shows human flaws that all people have. He is a figure in this book that is universal to all common peasants of now and the past. He is a humble person, a good farmer and a good father.

How to Use The Examples in Your Essays

How to Use The Examples in Your EssaysThe Th Grade Essay samples are given in the first three grades. If you are writing a high school or college essay, then you need to be careful on what subject you will write on. In order to prepare a great essay for college you must consider the examples given in the th grade essay samples with green, yellow and red colors.You must remember that you will not be a top writer if you have never written a first-rate essay before. The authors of the best essays have been around for long. First-rate writers were always active students of history and are well aware of their favorite eras and events. So, it is very important for you to learn the various topics so that you can write a good essay.Essays of this kind can also help you in any field. You can choose to write about your favorite book or a movie scene that you have seen in the theater. The topics can also include ideas from a book or a movie. If you think that your topic has not been covered, th en you can always search the internet for some more topics.With the examples and sample essays that you have chosen, you can easily get all the tips and techniques that you need. These essay examples are very helpful as they can really make your essays look different. Your essays will appear to be different if you use the examples.You can write a different style for each example that you use. This can also be useful as your essays might not be similar when written by different authors. They will still appear to be different because the topic and style will be different for each example.When you are choosing the examples that you are going to use in your essays, you should also consider the theme of the essay samples. It is always helpful to use the topics that are related to the topics you are going to write. By doing this, you will have a good theme for your essay.If you can find examples related to your specific topics, then you can also use these examples to write your essay. To make your essays appear different, you must be able to find the various themes and sample essays in the internet. The subjects will also vary depending on the person who wrote the essay.Using the examples and essay samples will help you in improving your skills when it comes to writing essays. You will be able to write a better essay if you continue to practice and learn. So, you should always use the examples in order to improve your skills in writing essays.